Vedic period

Rig Vedic Age is in between 1500-1000 B.C.

Later Vedic period is in between 1000-600 B.C.

10 Mandalas exist in Rig Veda.

1028 hymns are in Rig Veda.

1st and 10th mandalas are added letter.

Oldest Mandalas of Rig Veda are 2 and 7.

9th mandala of Rig Veda is also called Soma Mandala.

The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of magical formulas", an epithet declared to be incorrect by other scholars.

There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda. Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types - the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices, and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Some scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas (worship).

The Yajurveda (yajurveda, from yajus meaning "prose mantra" and Veda meaning "knowledge") is the Veda of prose mantras. An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire. Yajurveda is one of the four Vedas, and one of the scriptures of Hinduism. The exact century of Yajurveda's composition is unknown and estimated by scholars to be around 1200 to 1000 BCE, contemporaneous with Samaveda and Atharvaveda.

Gayatri mantra is taken from Rig veda.

The Gayatri Mantra, also known as the Savitri mantra, is a highly revered mantra from the Rig Veda (Mandala 3.62.10), dedicated to Savitr, the Sun deity. Gayatri is the name of the Vedic meter in which the verse is composed. Its recitation is traditionally preceded by oṃ and the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ, known as the mahavyahrti, or "great (mystical) utterance". Vishvamitra is said to have created Gayatri Mantra.

Gotra term was taken from Atharvaveda.

Krishna introduces the Bhwagat Religion.

Swaraswati is the holy river according to Hinduism.

The development of early Hinduism and the composition of the Vedas, which were primarily hymns and rituals addressed to the gods, characterised the Vedic period. The Indus Valley Civilization, which existed concurrently with the early Vedic period, was based in the Indus River valley. The sacred rivers of the Ganges and Yamuna were mentioned in Vedic literature. The Godavari river, which flows through central India, was not mentioned in the early Vedic texts but was later celebrated in Hindu texts.

The Rigveda, the earliest Vedic text, was composed during the Early Vedic period, also known as the Rigvedic period. During the Later Vedic period, new texts such as the Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda emerged, as did new religious practises and social institutions. During the Vedic period, new kingdoms arose, as did Jainism and Buddhism as alternative religious movements.

The Vedic period saw the emergence of settled agricultural communities that practised crop rotation and irrigation. Crops such as rice, wheat, barley, and pulses were grown as part of the economy. Trade was an important activity, but not as important as agriculture.

The varna system was a hierarchical social structure that classified people based on their occupations and where they were born. The Brahmins were the priestly class who performed religious rituals and were in charge of knowledge transmission. The Kshatriyas were the warrior class who protected the society and engaged in warfare. The Vaishyas were the merchants who engaged in trade and commerce, while the Shudras were the labourers who did menial tasks

The Vedic period was distinguished by the performance of elaborate sacrificial rituals known as Yajnas and Homas, which included food, ghee, and animal sacrifices to the gods. Circumambulation around a sacred object or place, known as pradakshina, was also a popular form of worship during this time period.

The Rigveda is one of the world's oldest religious texts, consisting of 1028 hymns dedicated to various deities. It is thought to have been written between 1500 and 1200 BCE by poets from various parts of ancient India.

Indra, the god of thunder and war, Agni, the god of fire, Varuna, the god of the sky and water, and Soma, the god of intoxicating drink, dominated the Vedic pantheon. These deities were worshipped through elaborate sacrificial rituals involving the sacrifice of food, ghee, and animals.

The warrior class, the Kshatriyas, were expected to protect society and engage in warfare. They were also in charge of enforcing the law and keeping society in order. While some Kshatriyas may have worked in agriculture or trade, war was their primary occupation.

The Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda are among the Vedic texts that were written over several centuries. These texts include hymns, rituals, and philosophical reflections on the nature of reality and the human-divine relationship.

The emergence of pastoral and agricultural communities organised around clans or tribes marked the early Vedic period.

The Vedic civilization arose in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, near the confluence of the Indus and Saraswati rivers. In the later Vedic period, the Ganges river, which flows through northern India, was also an important river.

In 322 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda dynasty and established the Maurya dynasty. Military conquests and the establishment of a centralised administration during his reign laid the groundwork for the Mauryan Empire.

A fundamental concept in modern mathematics is the decimal system, which uses ten digits (0-9) to represent all numbers. The concept of zero, which represents the absence of a value, is also an important part of the modern numeral system. Both of these ideas originated in India during the Gupta period and spread to the rest of the world.

During the Gupta period, Hinduism, a diverse and complex religion with a long history, emerged as the dominant religious tradition. This was due in part to the support of the Gupta kings, who were known for patronising Hindu temples and priests.

Chandragupta II was known for his military conquests, patronage of the arts, and support for Hinduism's spread. His reign is often regarded as a golden age in Indian history, and he is remembered as one of the most powerful and successful Indian kings.

Nalanda was a Buddhist monastery and university founded in the fifth century CE. The university drew scholars from all over India and Asia and was well-known for its expertise in fields such as astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. For centuries, the university was a centre of learning and one of the most important institutions of higher education in ancient India.