List some Java keywords(unlike C, C++ keywords)?

Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and it will be destroyed when the method has completed.

In Java, a local variable is a variable that is defined within a method, constructor, or a block of code. It is only accessible within the block of code in which it is declared and cannot be accessed from outside that block. Local variables are created on the stack and their memory is automatically freed when the method, constructor, or block of code execution is completed.

Local variables have a scope that is limited to the method, constructor, or block of code in which they are declared. This means that they are only accessible within the block in which they are declared and cannot be accessed from outside that block. The lifetime of a local variable starts when the method, constructor, or block of code is entered and ends when it is exited.

Here is an example of a local variable in Java:

public void doSomething() {
   int i = 10;
   // Use the local variable i here.
}

In the example above, the local variable i is declared within the doSomething method and is only accessible within that method.

Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any method. These variables are instantiated when the class is loaded.

In Java, an instance variable is a variable that is declared within a class but outside of any method, constructor, or block of code. Unlike local variables, instance variables are associated with an instance of an object and are created when an object of the class is instantiated. This means that each object of the class will have its own copy of the instance variables, and changes to an instance variable in one object will not affect the value of the same instance variable in another object.

Instance variables have a default value, which is either null for reference types or 0 for numeric types. However, the default value can be overridden by assigning a value to the instance variable in the constructor or by using a setter method.

Instance variables are declared using the private access modifier to ensure that they cannot be accessed directly from outside the class. Instead, they are accessed using getter and setter methods.

Here is an example of an instance variable in Java:

public class Student {
   private int studentId;
   private String studentName;

   // Getter and setter methods for the instance variables
   public int getStudentId() {
      return studentId;
   }

   public void setStudentId(int studentId) {
      this.studentId = studentId;
   }

   public String getStudentName() {
      return studentName;
   }

   public void setStudentName(String studentName) {
      this.studentName = studentName;
   }
}

In the example above, the class Student has two instance variables studentId and studentName. Each object of the Student class will have its own copy of these instance variables, and their values can be accessed and modified using the getter and setter methods.

These are variables declared with in a class, outside any method, with the static keyword.

In Java, a class variable (also known as a static variable) is a variable that is declared with the "static" keyword and is associated with a class, rather than an instance of the class. This means that there is only one instance of the class variable shared among all objects of that class. The value of a class variable can be accessed using the class name and the dot operator (.) without creating an instance of the class. Class variables are used to store information that is common to all instances of a class, such as a constant value that is shared among all objects of a class.

Here's an example to illustrate the use of a class variable in Java:

class Circle {
   static final double PI = 3.14;
   double radius;
   double area;

   void setRadius(double r) {
      radius = r;
      area = PI * r * r;
   }
}

public class Main {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Circle circle1 = new Circle();
      Circle circle2 = new Circle();

      circle1.setRadius(5);
      circle2.setRadius(10);

      System.out.println("Circle1: " + circle1.area);
      System.out.println("Circle2: " + circle2.area);

      // Accessing the class variable using the class name and the dot operator
      System.out.println("PI: " + Circle.PI);
   }
}

In this example, the PI class variable is a constant value that is shared among all instances of the Circle class. The value of PI is accessed using the class name and the dot operator (.) in the setRadius method to calculate the area of the circle. The result of this program will be:

Circle1: 78.5
Circle2: 314.0
PI: 3.14

Constructor gets invoked when a new object is created. Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a constructor for a class the java compiler builds a default constructor for that class.

A constructor in Java is a special type of method that is used to initialize objects of a class. It has the same name as the class and is called when an object of the class is created. A constructor can take arguments and can perform any initialization that is required for the object. The constructor is called automatically and is not invoked explicitly. The purpose of a constructor is to provide a convenient way to initialize objects with a specific set of values or properties.

Here is an example of a Java class with a constructor:

public class Person {
   private String name;
   private int age;

   // Constructor
   public Person(String name, int age) {
      this.name = name;
      this.age = age;
   }

   // Getters and Setters
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }

   public void setName(String name) {
      this.name = name;
   }

   public int getAge() {
      return age;
   }

   public void setAge(int age) {
      this.age = age;
   }
}

In this example, the Person class has a constructor that takes two arguments, name and age. The constructor initializes the instance variables name and age with the values passed as arguments. To create an object of the Person class, you can use the following code:

Person person = new Person("John Doe", 30);

In this code, the new keyword calls the constructor, and the arguments "John Doe" and 30 are passed to it. The constructor then initializes the name and age instance variables with these values.