Modern Indian History

Narinder Nath Vohra, the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), has been appointed as the new President of the India International Centre (IIC), which is one of the premier cultural institutions in the country. He succeeded by Soli Sorabjee. The India International Centre (IIC) is a well known non-official organization located in New Delhi.

Subhash Chandra Bose was re-elected the President of Indian National Congress at the Tripuri Session in 1939 by defeating the Gandhi's Candidate Pattabhai Sitaramaiyya.

He demanded 'Poorna Swaraj' but his warning and advice went unheeded, his powers as President were sought to be curtailed. Therefore, he resigned in April 1939, and announced, the formation of the Forward Bloc within the Congress in May 1939.

Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow.

The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organization's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali.

Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.

"Like summer gale revolt of Meerut was unprecedented and short-lived"- was delivered by Dr.Surendra Nath Sen

Rowlatt Act was passed just before the massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh.

The Congress declared 26 January 1930 as 'Independence Day', when the Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated. However, since 15 August became the official Independence Day in 1947, the new Indian Constitution took effect on 26 January 1950, to mark the 1930 declaration.

The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was an agreement between the British East India Company and the Landlords of Bengal to settle the Land Revenue to be raised. Lord Cornwallis came to India as the Governor General.

The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, also Act XV, 1856, enacted on 25 July 1856, legalized the remarriage of Hindu widows in all jurisdictions of India under East India Company rule was drafted by Lord Dalhousie.

Abanidranath Tagore had founded Indian Society of Oriental Art in Kolkata to revive the ancient art traditions of India.

He was the principal of government school of art and a great artist of modern India.

The Treaty of Alinagar was signed on February 9, 1757 between Robert Clive of the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Mirza Muhammad Siraj Ud Daula.

"At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom"- delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru.

The Act V of 1843 declared slavery as illegal during the tenure of Governor-General Ellenborough.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36) is known to have given full liberty to the press and thus was known so. He had though a short tenure which ended quickly due to politics at home.

The Chauri Chaura incident took place on 4 February 1922 at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province (modern Uttar Pradesh) in British India, when a large group of protesters participating in the Non-cooperation movement, clashed with police who opened fire. In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen. Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the non-co-operation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident.

Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the First President of Independent India. Born at Ziradei (Siwan) on 3rd December,1884, Dr. Prasad was a meritorious student. At the age of five, he was put under a Maulavi who tought him Persian. Further, he studied at Zila School,Chhapra and stood First in the Entrance Examinationin in Bengal Presidency at the age of 18 in 1902.That time Bengal Presidency includes three Provinces- Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa.

Pitt’s India Act 1784 or the East India Company Act 1784 was passed in the British Parliament to rectify the defects of the Regulating Act 1773. It resulted in dual control or joint government in India by Crown in Great Britain and the British East India Company, with crown having ultimate authority. With this act, East India Company’s political functions were differentiated from its commercial activities for the first time. The relationship between company and crown established by this act kept changing with time until the Government of India Act 1858 provided for liquidation of the British East India Company.

The Liberhan Commission (Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry) was a long-running inquiry commissioned by the Government of India to investigate the destruction of the disputed structure Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in 1992. Led by retired High Court Judge M. S. Liberhan, it was formed on 16 December 1992 by an order of the Indian Home Union Ministry after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya on 6 December and the subsequent riots there. The commission was originally mandated to submit its report within three months. Extensions were given 48 times, and after a delay of 17 years, the one-man commission submitted the report to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 30 June 2009.[1] In November 2009, a day after a newspaper published the allegedly leaked contents of the report, the report was tabled in Parliament by the Home Minister P. Chidambaram

Fathul Mujahidin is the name of the rocket manual. Tipu is considered the father of rocket artillery in battle for his use of iron-cased rocket artillery in defeating the British Army in the 1792 battle at Srirangapatnm. The British lost the battle, mainly due to the rocket artillery of about 2,000 rockets fired simultaneously at them.

Servants of India Society was founded in 1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale to build a dedicated group of people for social service and reforms. In the field of famine relief, union organisation, cooperatives and uplift of tribals and depressed, the Society did commendable work.

The modern concept of rule in India like Parliamentary democracy, Bicameralism, land revenue, Police system, Judiciary system were introduced by the British. Even in the case of drafting the Indian constitution a maximum part is taken from the Government of India Act of 1935.

Governor-General-in Council had appointed a “General Committee of Public Instruction” in 1823, which had the responsibility to grant Rs. one lakh for education. That committee consisted of ten European members of which Lord Macaulay was the president. It was replaced by Council of Education in 1841.

In 1772, Warren Hastings became the Governor -General of Bengal Presidency. He observed that the financial position of the British East India Company became worse and the difficulties were intensified by famine. Hence, he abolished the dual system of administration that was introduced by Robert Clive. Form there onwards, the East India Company act as Diwan and undertook the collection of revenue by its own agents. He not only abolished dual system but also reduced the Nawab’s allowance of Rs. 32 lakhs of rupees to half that amount. He also stopped the annual payment of Rs. 26 lakhs given to the Mughal Emperor.

Kesari is a newspaper founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak used to run his two newspapers, the Kesari, in Marathi and Maratha in English from Kesari Wada. The Wada still has the offices of Kesari, and mementos of Tilak, including his writing desk original letters and documents.

The book “Rebellion in 1857: A Symposium” was written by Puran Chand Joshi. This book was published in 1986. As per Joshi’s study, the Revolt of 1857 is an antidote to the orthodox Indian and British historiography.

"Jana Gana Mana" is the national anthem of India. Written in highly Sanskritised (Tatsama) Bengali, it is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn composed and scored by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung in Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on 27 December 1911. “Jana Gana Mana” was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950. 27 December 2011 marked the completion of 100 years of Jana Gana Mana since it was sung for the first time. The original poem written by Rabindranath Tagore was translated into Hindi by Abid Ali.

Under the Presidentship of Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee, the first meeting of Indian National Congress was held in Bombay in 1885. The meeting was attended by 72 English-educated people that included advocates, traders and zamindars.

To improve primary & secondary education in India , Viceroy Lord Ripon appointed an Education Commission in 1882 under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter to review the progress of education in India, since Wood’s dispatch of 1854. The commission laid emphasis on the special responsibility of the state for the improvement and expansion of primary education

The doctrine of subsidiary alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley, British Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to enter into such an alliance in 1798.Tipu Sultan of Mysore refused to do so, but after the British victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was forced to become a subsidiary state in 1799. The Nawab of Awadh was the next to accept the Subsidiary Alliance, in 1801.

Muslim League observed the Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946. The objective of Muslim league was to create an environment of communal riots and terrorism to exhibit that Hindus and Muslims could not reside together.

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a left-wing group within the Congress. It was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as President and Jay Prakash Narayan as General Secretary in 1934.

On July 26 1876, Surendranath Banerjee, along with Anand Monah Bose, founded the Indian National Association in Calcutta. In 1885, this organization was merged with the Indian National Congress. Sir Surendranath Banerjee (10 November 1848 – 6 August 1925) was one of the earliest Indian political leaders during the British Rule. He founded the Indian National Association, through which he led two sessions of the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, along with Anandamohan Bose.

Radical Democratic Party (RDP), was a political party in India which existed at the time of the Second World War. RDP evolved out of the League of Radical Congressmen, which had been founded in 1939 by former Communist International leader M.N. Roy. Roy founded Radical Democratic Party in 1940 with the purpose of engaging India in the war to support the Allies. RDP also worked for Indian independence. RDP was against the industrial strike that took place at the time. During the period 1944-1948 the general secretary of RDP was V. M.

Digboi is a town and a town area committee in Tinsukia district in the north-eastern part of the state of Assam, India. Crude oil was discovered here in late 19th century. Digboi is known as the Oil City of Assam where the first oil well in Asia was drilled. The first refinery was started here as early as 1901. Digboi has the oldest oil well in operation. The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery. Subsequently a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernize Digboi Refinery. Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO-14001 and OHSMC certificate.

on December 1, 1915 during World War I , Raja Mahendra Pratap established the first Provisional Government of India at Kabul in Afghanistan as a government-in-exile of Free Hindustan, with himself as President, Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister and Maulavi Abaidullah Sindhi as Home Minister.

Harcourt Butler Committee A three -member committee headed by Harcourt Butler, appointed on December 16, 1927 to examine the relations between the native states and the paramount power, declined to define what paramountcy was but clearly and fortrightly stated that “paramountcy must remain paramount”. The committee fully endorsed that the viceroy, not the governor general should remain the Crown agent in dealing with the native states. In fact the right to protect includes right to internal intervention. Paramountcy is the supreme sovereign power which was kept above the reach of law and interpretation, to be exercised at the appropriate time subject to resiraints of morality and constitutional propriety against an erring ruler of a native statewhen other correctional means had proved to be futile. It is a concept developed into a deterrent in the political relation between the British and the Indian rulers.

The Indigo revolt (1859) directed against European planters who exploited the local peasants by forcing them to take advances and sign fraudulent contracts according to which the peasants were compelled to grow Indigo, rather than the more profitable rice. The outcome of the revolt was the British Government issued a notification that the Indian farmers cannot be compelled to grow indigo and that it would ensure that all disputes were settled by legal means. Din Bandhu Mitra wrote a play ‘Neel Darpan’ to portray the oppression of indigo farmers.

Anandamath Kindle Edition. Anandamath is a Bengali novel, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and published in 1882. Set in the background of the Sannyasi Rebellion in the late 18th century, it is considered one of the most important novels in the history of Bengali and Indian literature

Girish Chandra Ghosh was the editor of an English weekly published newspaper “Hindoo Patriot” in 1853. It was a nationalist publication known for its active role in exposing the oppression of indigo planters in Bengal.

Declaration of Independence Pledge Though the congress passed the Poorna Swaraj Resolution in December 1929, it was a month later on January 26, 1930, when a Pledge of Indian Independence also known as Declaration of Independence was taken. While the Poorna Swaraj Resolution was drafted by Jawaharlal Lal Nehru, the “Declaration of Independence” pledge was drafted by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 and it echoed the essence of American Declaration of Independence. After this pledge January 26, 1930 was declared as Independence Day by Indian National Congress.

Nawab of Oudh transferred Banaras to the company in the year 1775. After that Chet Singh came under the control of the company. The father of Chet Singh, Balwant Singh was the first Raja of Banaras.

Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25) was a satyagraha (movement) in Travancore, India (now part of Kerala) against untouchability in Hindu society. The movement was centered at the Shiva temple at Vaikom, near Kottayam. The Satyagraha aimed at securing freedom of movement for all sections of society through the public roads leading to the Sri Mahadevar Temple at Vaikom. K. Kelappan played a dominant role in the famous Vaikom Satyagraha and was the leader of the Guruvayur Satyagraha in 1932. It was at Gandhiji’s request that he ended his fast at Guruvayur

After the death of Madhav Rao II, Nana Phadnavis supported Chimnaji Appa as the Peshwa later he inclined towards Bajirao II. Bajirao II became the Peshwa in the year 1796. He was the son of Raghunath Rao.

Objective of Cripps Mission The Cripps mission was an attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior left-wing politician and government minister in the War Cabinet of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The mission proved a failure.

William Bentinck stopped the use of the Persian language as the court language and replaced it with the vernacular language. It was become easy to practice judicial cases and addressing of grievances in the native language.

Kesari is a newspaper founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak used to run his two newspapers, the Kesari, in Marathi and Maratha in English from Kesari Wada. The Wada still has the offices of Kesari, and mementos of Tilak, including his writing desk original letters and documents.

The Charter Act of 1833 was also known as “Saint Helena Act”. It was passed during the time of William Bentinck. As per the act, the governor-general of Bengal was declared as the governor-general of India.

Charter Acts of 1813 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which renewed the charter issued to the British East India Company, and continued the Company’s rule in India. However, the Company’s commercial monopoly was ended, except for the tea trade and the trade with China. Reflecting the growth of British power in India.

Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian independence activist. He played a pivotal role in the Indian Independence movement. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari. He was one of the three Lal Bal Pal triumvirate.[1] He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894.

Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India, as India soon became a Republic in 1950. Furthermore, he was the first Indian-born governor-general, since before him the posts were held by British nationals.

Lord Cornwallis finally left India on 10th October 1793. Sir John Sore replaced him as the governor-general of Bengal.

Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces - Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh. After the 1935 elections, the only two provinces out of eleven which had non-Congress ministries were Bengal and Punjab.

On 8 May 1917 in Adyar, Madras, a multiethnic group of women established the Women's Indian Association (WIA). The WIA was one of the first organizations to boldly connect Indian women's social and sexual subjugation with patriarchy, poverty, and political disenfranchisement.

During the time of the Maratha empire under Peshwa, Patels was only authorized to address the rights of the villagers to higher officials. The cultivators were deprived of addressing any grievance in case their right is under threat.

Chandragupta I (Gupta script: Gupta allahabad c.svgGupta allahabad ndr.jpgGupta allahabad gu.jpgGupta allahabad pt.jpg Cha-ndra-gu-pta, r. c. 319-335 or 319-350 CE) was a king of the Gupta dynasty, who ruled in northern India. His title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. Their son Samudragupta further expanded the Gupta empire. Samudragupta was succeeded by his son Chandragupta II who was further succeeded by Kumaragupta.

Sir Edwin S. Montagu was the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922. In the year 1917, he met the then viceroy of India Lord Chelmsford. Through his declaration, he wanted to introduce limited self-government to India and the protection rights of minority communities. In the year 1918, it was received by the cabinet and implemented through the Government of India Act 1919.

The National Council of Education - Bengal (or NCE - Bengal) [1] was an organisation founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee and other Indian nationalists in Bengal in 1906 to promote science and technology as part of a swadeshi industrialisation movement. It established the Bengal National College and Bengal Technical Institute which would later merge to form Jadavpur University. Institutions which were functioning under the council were considered to be hotbeds of swadeshi activities and the government banned nationalistic activities such as the singing of patriotic songs

On 8 May 1917 in Adyar, Madras, a multiethnic group of women established the Women's Indian Association (WIA). The WIA was one of the first organizations to boldly connect Indian women's social and sexual subjugation with patriarchy, poverty, and political disenfranchisement.

The Government of India Act 1858 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on August 2, 1858. Its provisions called for the liquidation of the British East India Company (who had up to this point been ruling British India under the auspices of Parliament) and the transference of its functions to the British Crown.

Lord Irwin server as the Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931. In the year 1929 (31st October), he declared that the objective of the British was to grant Dominion status to India. This famous declaration is known as Deepavali Declaration. Though Irwin never promised for granting the Dominion Status to India.

The Upper Paleolithic Period (beginning about 40,000 years ago) was characterized by the emergence of regional stone tool industries, such as the Perigordian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian of Europe as well as other localized industries of the Old World and the oldest known cultures of the New World.

An agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi was signed 84 years ago on September 24, 1932. The agreement was signed by Pt Madan Mohan Malviya and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and some Dalit leaders at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, to break Mahathma Gandhi's fast unto death. Join The Discussion Comment* Related Questions on Modern Indian History The year of the foundation of the Women's Indian Association (WIA) is A. 1947 B. 1937 C. 1927 D. 1917 View Answer By the Act of 1858, India was to be governed A. By the Company B. In the name of the Crown C. By a Board of Directors D. In the name of Governor-General of India View Answer The Ghadar Party was founded (November 1913) at San Francisco USA by A. Madam Bhikaji Cama B. Lala Har Dayal C. Shyamji Krishana Verma D. Both (a) and (b) above View Answer The Poona Pact (1932) was an agreement between A. Nehru and Ambedkar B. Gandhi and Ambedkar C. Malaviya and Ambedkar D. Gandhi and Nehru View Answer More Related Questions on Modern Indian History Read More: MCQ Type Questions and Answers Arithmetic Ability Competitive Reasoning Competitive English Data Interpretation General Knowledge History Geography Current Affairs Banking Awareness Computer Fundamentals Networking C Program Java Program SQL Database HTML CSS Javascript PHP Computer Science Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Civil Engineering Chemical Engineering Commerce Management

Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, KG, GCB, GCVO, PC (15 January 1841 – 14 June 1908) styled as Hon. Frederick Stanley from 1844 to 1886 and as Lord Stanley of Preston between 1886 and 1893, was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom who served as Colonial Secretary from 1885 to 1886 and the sixth Governor General of Canada from 1888 to 1893. An avid sportsman, he built Stanley House Stables in England and is famous in North America for presenting Canada with the Stanley Cup. Stanley was also one of the original inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

There was no sign of giving complete independence in the Cripps proposal. Only giving the dominion status was assured. That is why Mahatma Gandhi termed the Cripps mission as the “post-dated cheque drawn on a failing bank”.

2,1,3

Jayaprakash Narayan (About this soundlisten (help·info); 11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), popularly referred to as JP or Lok Nayak (Hindi for The People's Leader), was an Indian independence activist, theorist, socialist and political leader. He is also known as the "Hero of Quit India Movement" and he is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow he had called for a "total revolution". His biography, Jayaprakash, was written by his nationalist friend and an eminent writer of Hindi literature, Rambriksh Benipuri. In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.

In 1913, Pacific Coast Hindustan Association was founded by Lala Hardayal with Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president, which was called Ghadar Party. The members of this party were the immigrant sikhs of US and Canada. The first issue of The Ghadar, was published from San Francisco on November 1, 1913.

Yerwada Central Jail is a noted high-security jail in Yerwada, Pune, in Maharashtra. This is the largest jail in the state of Maharashtra, and also one of the largest prisons in South Asia, housing over 5,000 prisoners (2017) spread over various barracks and security zones, besides an open jail just outside its premises. Many well known freedom fighters individuals including Mahatma Gandhi have been jailed here.

Lord Ampthill acted as the Viceroy of India (April to December) when Lord Curzon was away in England in the year 1904. He served as a private secretary of Joseph Chamberlain (Governor of Madras).

Ajatashatru (Sanskrit: Ajātaśatru, Pāli: Ajātasattu;[6] 492 to 460 BCE or early 5th century BCE[7]) was a king of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in East India. He was the son of King Bimbisara and was a contemporary of both Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta) and Gautama Buddha. He forcefully took over the kingdom of Magadha from his father and imprisoned him. He fought a war against Vajji, ruled by the Lichchhavis, and conquered the republic of Vesali. Sattapanni cave where first Buddhist Council held Sattapanni cave where first Buddhist Council held and sponsored by King Ajatashatru. Ajatashatru followed policies of conquest and expansion. He defeated his neighbours including the king of Kosala; his brothers, when at odds with him, went to Kashi, which had been given to Bimbisara as dowry. This led to a war between Magadha and Kosala. Ajatashatru occupied Kashi and captured the smaller kingdoms. Magadha under Ajatashatru became the most powerful kingdom in North India.

The Akbarnama, which translates to Book of Akbar, the official chronicle of the reign of Akbar, the third Mughal Emperor (r. 1556–1605), commissioned by Akbar himself by his court historian and biographer, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, called one of the "nine jewels in Akbar's court" by Mughal writers. It was written in Persian, which is the literary language of the Mughals, and includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times.[1] It followed the Baburnama, the more personal memoir by his grandfather, Babur, founder of the dynasty. Like that, it was produced in the form of lavishly illustrated manuscripts.

The Right Honourable Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India (commonly known as the India Board or the Board of Control) was an arm of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for managing the Government's interest in British India and the East India Company between 1784 and 1858.

The Indian Council Act of 1861 introduced the Portfolio system. Lord Canning actually introduced it in the year 1859. By this system, each and every member of the Viceroy’s executive council was provided a separate department.

By the Charter Act of 1793, the trade monopoly of the Company was extended for a further twenty years. The Company was responsible for paying salaries to the staff and paid members of the Board of Control.

The government of India Act of 1919 introduced bicameralism. The bicameral legislature consists of the Council of States which is the Upper house and Legislative Assembly which is the lower house.

In the year 1928, the all-party conference unanimously decided to construct a committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru to frame the constitution of India. In the same year (August) Motilal Nehru presented the draft which is known as the Nehru Report.

In the year 1945, the labour party under Clement Attlee came into power by uprooting the Conservative Party. In the year 1946 (24th March) Cabinet Mission came to India to discuss the matter of India’s independence.

In the Benaras session of INC in the year 1905, Gopal Krishna Gokhale served as the president.

Nagaur district of Rajasthan first adopted the Panchayati Raj system on 2nd October 1959.

Article 19 of the Indian Constitution contains Freedom of speech and expression. The first amendment act of 1951 declared that it can be curtailed with regard to the security of the State and for some other reasons.

Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali are known as Ali brothers. During the time of the Khilafat movement, Mohammad Ali supported Gandhiji but later left after the abolition of the post of Caliph in 1924.

Dayanand Saraswati raised the slogan “Back to Vedas”. He wanted to recall the Vedic purity of religion and Vedic learning. His intension was not to return to the Vedic times.

Dadabhai Naoroji founded the Gyan Prasarak Mandali in the year 1848. Its main objectives were to provide education to the adult and setting up girl’s schools.

In the year 1849 (1st August), the Great Indian Peninsula Railway was founded. It was incorporated by an act of the British Parliament. Its headquarter was situated in Boree Bunder, Mumbai.

The Golden Jubilee of the Indian National Congress (1885-1935) fell in 1935, which was observed during the session held at nowhere.

The Charter Act of 1833 ended the recognition and activities of the British East India Company as a commercial body and made it an administrative body.

The immediate reasons for the rise of extremism were the Conservative rule of Lord Curzon from 1889 to 1905 and the Partition of Bengal (1905).

The iris is the ring of pigmented tissue surrounding the pupil that varies in color. The iris opens and closes to control the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris where light enters the eye. So, the correct answer is 'Iris'.

As per Cabinet Mission Plan, the strength of the Constituent Assembly would be 389.

On 26 Nov 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the constitution of India and it came into effect from 26 Jan,1950.

Control of Defence of India by the Indian National Government was not contained in the Cripps Offer.

After the implementation of the 7th Pay Commission's awards on January 1, 2016, the Cabinet Secretary, who is the top-most bureaucrat in the country, gets Rs 2.5 lakh per month and a Secretary in the Union government draws Rs 2.25 lakh per month.

According to Gandhi, Ahimsa or Non-Violence has a positive meaning also. In positive sense Non- Violence means 'love'. That means one should not love only human being but every living being in the world. When a person claims to be non-violent, he is expected not to be angry with one who has injured him.

Indian handicrafts rapidly declined due to lack of patronage, growing craze for imported goods, stiff competition from the machine-made goods of England.

The Act designed its chief as Governor- General of Bengal and a council of four members were appointed. The first Governor General (Warren Hestings) and Councilors (Philip Francis, Clavering, Monson, and Barwell) were named in the Act.

In March 1942, a delegation headed by Stafford Cripps a left wing labourite came to India to seek India's Support in war and offered constitutional proposal in return. Gandhiji referred it as a post dated cheque.

When Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed, the Secretary of State for India was Wedgwood Benn.

Nehru stressed the importance of national planning.

Mahatma Gandhi had been joined the Champaran struggle by Rajendra Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru.

On 20 September 1928, Sree Narayana Guru, great social and religious reformer from Kerala died at Sivagiri, Kerala.

The Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, issued a statement from Simla on 8 August 1940 in the response of when congress formally ask England to affirm its adherence to the goal of Independence for India which is popularly known August Offer.

Alwaye Advaita Ashram - the ashrams in Alwaye, founded in 1913 by Sree Narayana Guru in order to reach, propagate as well as live the Advaita philosophy.

The Provisional Government of Free India, or, more simply, Free India (Azad Hind), was an Indian provisional government established in occupied Singapore in 1943 and supported by the Empire of Japan, Nazi Germany, Italian Social Republic, and their allies.

The office of Governor-General of India was created by the Charter Act, 1833.

Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.

Portuguese controlled maximum trade in western coastal region during 17th century.

The first Governor-General of British India was Lord William Bentinck, and the first Governor-General of independent India was Lord Mountbatten.

Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, commonly referred to as Calcutta Medical College, formerly Medical College, Bengal, is a medical school and hospital in the city of Kolkata in the state of West Bengal, India. It was established in 1835 by William Bentinck.

In early 1898 Swami Vivekananda acquired a big plot of land on the western bank of the Ganga at a place called Belur to have a permanent abode for the monastery and monastic Order originally started at Baranagar, and got it registered as Ramakrishna Math after a couple of years.

Daiva Dasakam is a Malayalam work of Sree Narayana Guru.

Madan Mohan Malviya was the most prominent leader of INC. He was most remembered as the founder of Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U) at Varansi in 1916. Rabindra Nath Tagore titled him "Mahamana" and he awarded by Bharat Ratna in 2015 (Posthumous).

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was follower of Gandhi's 'philosophy'.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931 before the second Round Table Conference in London.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar was a political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was an active supporter of The Civil Disobedience Movement from The North-West Frontier Province .

All India Muslim League was founded by the Agha Khan and Salim-Ullah-Khan (Nawab of Dhaka) in December 1906.

In 1893 she landed in India, made a tour of the country in the company of H. S. Olcott, and, by her splendid presentation of Indian philosophy and her undisguised personal preference for the Indian spiritual heritage, won the support of orthodox Brahmins to Theosophy. The transformation of the religious life in India, particularly among Hindus, is one of the wonders she performed.

The Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS) was an Indian organisation founded in London in 1905 that sought to promote the cause of self-rule in British India.

The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years' War. Having made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad, the British, after collecting huge amount of revenue, were fully equipped to face the French in Wandiwash, whom they defeated.

The Battle of Plassey was fought of 23 June, 1757 Company's Army was lead by the Robert Clive. Nawab was defeated by The East India Company and Mir Jafar was made the Nawab.

Sister Nivedita born Margaret Elizabeth Noble; 28 October 1867 – 13 October 1911) was an Irish teacher, author, social activist, school founder and disciple of Swami Vivekananda.

Azad was not among the three revolutionaries who were hanged on March 23, 1931.

Murshid Quli khan, Alivardi khan and Siraj-ud-daullah, were the Nawab of Bengal. At the time of Battle of Plassey the Nawab of Bengal was Siraj-ud-daullah.

"Jana Gana Mana" is the national anthem of India. Written in highly Sanskritised (Tatsama) Bengali, it is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn composed and scored by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung in Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on 27 December 1911. “Jana Gana Mana” was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950. 27 December 2011 marked the completion of 100 years of Jana Gana Mana since it was sung for the first time. The original poem written by Rabindranath Tagore was translated into Hindi by Abid Ali.

Muslim League observed the Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946. The objective of Muslim league was to create an environment of communal riots and terrorism to exhibit that Hindus and Muslims could not reside together

On July 26 1876, Surendranath Banerjee, along with Anand Monah Bose, founded the Indian National Association in Calcutta. In 1885, this organization was merged with the Indian National Congress.

Digboi is a town and a town area committee in Tinsukia district in the north-eastern part of the state of Assam, India.

Anand Math was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Declaration of Independence Pledge Though the congress passed the Poorna Swaraj Resolution in December 1929, it was a month later on January 26, 1930, when a Pledge of Indian Independence also known as Declaration of Independence was taken. While the Poorna Swaraj Resolution was drafted by Jawaharlal Lal Nehru, the “Declaration of Independence” pledge was drafted by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 and it echoed the essence of American Declaration of Independence. After this pledge January 26, 1930 was declared as Independence Day by Indian National Congress.

The Battaglione Azad Hindoustan (Italian: “Free India Battalion”) was a foreign legion unit formed in Italy in July 1942.

Kesari is a newspaper founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement.

Charter Acts of 1813 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which renewed the charter issued to the British East India Company, and continued the Company’s rule in India.

Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25) was a satyagraha (movement) in Travancore, India (now part of Kerala) against untouchability in Hindu society. The movement was centered at the Shiva temple at Vaikom, near Kottayam. The Satyagraha aimed at securing freedom of movement for all sections of society through the public roads leading to the Sri Mahadevar Temple at Vaikom. K. Kelappan played a dominant role in the famous Vaikom Satyagraha and was the leader of the Guruvayur Satyagraha in 1932. It was at Gandhiji’s request that he ended his fast at Guruvayur.

Objective of Cripps Mission The Cripps mission was an attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior left-wing politician and government minister in the War Cabinet of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The mission proved a failure.

Hindu Mela was founded in 1867 in Calcutta by Nabagopal Mitra with the active support from the Tagore Family. The Hindu Mela was also known as the Chaitra Mela. It was largely the product of the combined efforts of Rajnarayan Basu, Dwijendranath Tagore, and Nabagopal Mitra.

Ambika Charan Majumdar was the president of the Indian National Congress for the Lucknow session 1916.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on April 13, 1919.

The All India Muslim League was rooted in 1906 at Dhaka. It emerged from the Aligarh Movement, formed originally to promote a modern education for Muslims. Muslim League, political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India

Michael Madhusudan Dutta 25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was a popular 19th-century Bengali poet and dramatist.

The martyrdom of Chandrashekhar Azad took place on February 17, 1931.

Ras Bihari Ghosh presided over the Surat session of Indian National Congress in 1907. In this session, the Congress was divided into two wings viz. Moderates and Extremists.

The policy announcement of “progressive realization of responsible Government in India as an integral part of the British Empire” was embedded in Montagu-Chelmsford Report.

Gandhi arrived in Champaran 10 April 1917 with a team of eminent lawyers: Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and others including Acharya kripalani.

The second session opened on September 7, 1931. There were three major differences between the first and second Round Table Conferences. By the second namely Congress Representation, National Government and Financial Crisis.

The first census was conducted in India in 1872, but regular census started in 1881.

In 1878, Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act to ban the vernacular press in India. The first victim was nationalist Newspaper ‘Soma Prakash’.

Ghadar journal was published in Urdu in 1913. After this, it was published in English, Punjabi, Marathi and Pushtu also.

Surendranath Banerjee was one of the earliest political leaders during the British Rule.

The National Development Council was set up on 6th August 1952.

The All India Trade Union Congress is the oldest trade union federations in India and one of the five largest. It was founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay by Lala Lajpat Rai and Joseph Baptista. It was the primary trade union organization in India. Since then it has been associated with the Communist Party of India.

The execution of Bhagat Singh took place on March 23, 1931.

In 1916, Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement along with Lokmanya Tilak. She was married at 19 to Frank Besant but separated from him over religious differences.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak also known as Lok manya Tilak started Ganapati festival in 1893. By doing so, he transformed the traditional Ganapati festival of Maharashtra into a National festival.

The first Trade Union of India was Madras Labour Union which was founded in 1918 by B. P. Wadia along with V. Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar

The Act V of 1843 declared slavery as illegal during the tenure of Governor-General Lord Ellenborough.

Abanidranath Tagore had founded Indian Society of Oriental Art in Kolkata to revive the ancient art traditions of India. He was the principal of government school of art and a great artist of modern India

In 1861, the newspaper, Indian Mirror, was edited and published by Manmohan Ghosh and Keshub Chunder Sen. The two met while Monomohun Ghosh was a student at the Presidency College in Calcutta, India. It is also interesting to note that the Indian Mirror was among the first Indian newspapers. The founder, Monomohun Ghosh, is no less distinguished. He, along with Satyendranath Tagore, was the first Indian to appear for Indian Civil Services (though he failed in both his attempts). He is also one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, the party that led India to independence.

Rowlatt Act was passed just before the massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh.

On 20 February 1947 the British PM Clement Attlee announced that Britain would quit India by June 1948. Former Secretary of State of India, Samuel John Gurney Hoare commented that Attlee’s declaration was an “unconditional surrender, at the expense of many to whom we have given specific pledges for generations past, which would lead to a division of India under the worst possible circumstances” and that it would “imperil the peace and prosperity of India”.

Purnima banerjee served the post of secretary of the Allahabad City Congress Committee. She also took part in the Quit India Movement and remained a member of United Provinces Legislature. She is best known for offering the individual Satyagraha in 1941.

The Act of 1861 had two main objectives: the establishment and administration, under strict magisterial control, of a single unified police force in every province which was to be used it to keep the people of the country effectively under control.

In the year 1942, The Azad Hind Radio service was started in Germany by the leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. Its objective was to encourage Indian freedom fighters. The headquarters of Azad Hind Radio were shifted to Singapore and later to Rangoon.

Lado Rani Zutshi was the leading woman revolutionary of Punjab. She was active 1919 onwards and a member of Congress. She was appointed as 8th director of the War Council. Her daughter Manmohini Sehgal also took part in freedom struggle.

Ottoman emperor was also a Caliph/Khalifa, and being so, he was nominally the supreme religious and political leader of all Muslims across the world. With the defeat of the Ottomans in World War I, an outcry to save the Khalifa and Caliphate emerged across the Muslim world, including in India. A number of Muslim leaders including Maulana Muhammad Ali, his brother, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad came together to form the All India Khilafat Committee. They published the Khilafat Manifesto in 1920 calling upon the British to protect the caliphate, and exhorting the Indian Muslims to unite and hold the British accountable on that count.

In September 1923 the government announced a levy of Rs 2.5 lakhs on the residents of Borsad taluka as its expense on special anti-dacoity police posted there: each person over 16 years of age was to pay two rupees and seven annas towards the sum. Sardar Patel and his colleagues uncovered evidence of the police being in cahoots with the dacoits; and that the villagers who had shown exemplary courage in resisting the dacoits or in informing the police were severely victimised. Sardar Patel and his team organised the villagers for agitation against the levied tax. After a protracted struggle, which Sardar had organized superbly, the government was forced to give in.