Design Thinking Methodologies

Design methods are defined as procedures, techniques, aids or tools for designing, which offer different activities that a designer might use within an overall design process.

New procedures for design emerged in the mid-20th century, as a response to industrialization and mass-production that changed the nature of designing.

Design methodology is the broader study of method in design, which involves studying the principles, practices, and procedures of designing.

A conference on systematic and intuitive methods in engineering, industrial design, architecture, and communications held in London in 1962 is regarded as the key event marking the beginning of the "design methods movement".

J. Christopher Jones at the University of Manchester and L. Bruce Archer at the Royal College of Art were the leading figures in the "design methods movement" in the UK.

Design teaching at Ulm integrated design with science (including social sciences) and introduced new fields of study such as cybernetics, systems theory, and semiotics into design education.

Horst Rittel helped found the Design Methods Group at the University of California, Berkeley, which was a society focused on developing and promoting new methods especially in architecture and planning.

The Ulm School of Design was a school in Germany that integrated design with science (including social sciences) and introduced new fields of study such as cybernetics, systems theory and semiotics into design education.

Horst Rittel was a critic of rational design methods who raised fundamental issues about the nature of design problems. He characterised design and planning problems as wicked problems, un-amenable to the techniques of science and engineering, which deal with "tame" problems.

In the 1970s, there was some reaction against the rationality of design methods, which led to a shift towards more participatory and user-centered design processes. This led to the development of participatory design, user centered design and the role of design thinking as a creative process in problem solving

Design methodology is the broader study of method in design, and it is focused on studying the principles, practices and procedures of designing.

The Design Research Society was founded in the UK in the 1960s as a result of the "design methods movement". Its focus is on developing and promoting new design methods, especially in architecture and planning.

Christopher Alexander and J. Christopher Jones reacted against the rationality of design methods in the 1970s.

Horst Rittel characterized design and planning problems as wicked problems, un-amenable to the techniques of science and engineering, which deal with "tame" problems.

The criticisms against rationalized approaches to design problem-solving led to a shift towards argumentative, participatory processes in which designers worked in partnership with the problem stakeholders (clients, customers, users, the community). This led to participatory design, user-centered design, and the role of design thinking as a creative process in problem solving and innovation.

The Design Methods Group is a society focused on developing and promoting new design methods, especially in architecture and planning.

Herbert A. Simon proposed the "science of design" as "a body of intellectually tough, analytic, partly formalizable, partly empirical, teachable doctrine about the design process".

J. Christopher Jones catalogued a variety of approaches to design, both rational and creative, within a context of a broad, futures-creating, systems view of design.

Horst Rittel was one of the influential teachers at the Ulm School of Design.

The given data mentions that conventional procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods, but new procedures developed since the 1950s are grouped under the name of "design methods". Industrialization is not a design method but rather a process of mass-production.

As mentioned in the given data, "A 'Conference on Systematic and Intuitive Methods in Engineering, Industrial Design, Architecture and Communications', held in London in 1962 is regarded as a key event marking the beginning of what became known within design studies as the 'design methods movement'."

The given data mentions that design teaching at Ulm integrated design with science (including social sciences) and introduced new fields of study such as cybernetics, systems theory and semiotics into design education.

The given data mentions that Herbert A. Simon proposed the "science of design" as "a body of intellectually tough, analytic, partly formalizable, partly empirical, teachable doctrine about the design process".

As mentioned in the given data, "Design methods offer a number of different kinds of activities that a designer might use within an overall design process. What design methods have in common is that they 'are attempts to make public the hitherto private thinking of designers; to externalize the design process'."

The text states that this is the systematic model for engineering design by Pahl and Beitz.

The text states that J. C. Jones grouped 26 methods according to their purposes within a design process in this book.

The text groups this method under Methods of exploring problem structure.

The text groups this method under Methods of evaluation.

The text states that Nigel Cross outlined eight stages in a process of engineering product design, each with an associated method.

The text states that this association played a role in the development of systematic engineering design methods.

The text states that the Japanese Society for the Science of Design was established in Japan as early as 1954.

The text states that L. Bruce Archer produced this model in his book.

The summary model consists of Analytical phase, Creative phase, and Executive phase.

The text states that the Design Council models the creative design process in four phases.

The UK's Design Council models the creative design process in four phases: Discover (insight into the problem), Define (the area to focus upon), Develop (potential solutions), and Deliver (solutions that work).

In his book of "Design Methods," J. C. Jones grouped 26 methods according to their purposes within a design process.

The Interaction Matrix is a design method used to explore problem structure.

The Quality Function Deployment is a design method used to determine characteristics.

Nigel Cross associated User Scenarios with the stage of Identifying Opportunities in the engineering product design process.

In architectural design, process models tend to be cyclical and spiral, with iteration as essential to progression towards a final design.

Recent developments in design methods have seen the introduction of more qualitative techniques, including ethnographic methods such as cultural probes and situated methods.

John E. Arnold wrote the book "Creative Engineering" in 1959, which distinguished four areas of design thinking.

John E. Arnold identified four areas of design thinking in his book "Creative Engineering": novel functionality, higher performance levels, lower production costs, and increased salability.

L. Bruce Archer broadened the scope of conventional design thinking to incorporate knowledge of ergonomics, cybernetics, marketing, and management science.

Bryan Lawson's 1980 book "How Designers Think" primarily addressed design in architecture.

David M. Kelley founded the design consultancy IDEO in 1991.

Peter Rowe's 1987 book "Design Thinking" described methods and approaches used by architects and urban planners.

Nigel Cross established some of the intrinsic qualities and abilities of design thinking in his 1982 article "Designerly Ways of Knowing".

Richard Buchanan's 1992 article "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking" expressed a broader view of design thinking as addressing intractable human concerns through design.