Venkatraman Ramakrishnan was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry after India's independence. Born in 1952 in Chidambaram, India, Ramakrishnan is known for his contributions to the field of ribosome structure determination. In 2009, Ramakrishnan, along with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome. The ribosome is a complex molecular machine that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis in cells. Ramakrishnan's research involved using X-ray crystallography to determine the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome. His work provided unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of protein synthesis and paved the way for the development of antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosomes.

Amartya Sen was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Born in 1933 in Bengal, India, Sen is renowned for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory.

In 1998, Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on poverty alleviation and development economics. He developed theories and frameworks that explored the complex interactions between poverty, inequality, and social welfare. Sen emphasized the importance of focusing on individuals' capabilities and freedoms to achieve meaningful development, rather than solely relying on economic indicators.

Sen's research has had a profound impact on policies addressing poverty, inequality, and human development. His insights have influenced global development agendas and shaped thinking in economics and related disciplines.

Har Gobind Khorana was the first Indian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Born in 1922 in Punjab, India, Khorana made significant contributions to the field of genetics and biochemistry.

In 1968, Khorana, along with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. Khorana played a crucial role in deciphering how the nucleotide sequence of DNA determines the amino acid sequence of proteins.

His pioneering work laid the foundation for understanding the role of DNA in protein synthesis, opening new avenues in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Khorana's research paved the way for advancements in the synthesis of artificial genes and the development of technologies that revolutionized the field of biotechnology.

Mother Teresa was the first Indian woman to receive the Nobel Prize. Born in 1910 in Skopje (now North Macedonia), Mother Teresa dedicated her life to serving the poor and destitute. In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work and efforts in alleviating human suffering. The Missionaries of Charity, founded by Mother Teresa in Kolkata, India, has provided care and support to the most vulnerable members of society, including the sick, the dying, and orphaned children. Mother Teresa's selfless dedication and compassion inspired people around the world. Her Nobel Prize recognized her immense contributions and the impact of her work in promoting peace and love across boundaries of religion, nationality, and social status.

The first Indian to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize was Mother Teresa. Born in Skopje, now the capital of North Macedonia, in 1910, Mother Teresa dedicated her life to serving the poor and destitute. She founded the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata, India, and her selfless work gained international recognition.

In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize for her compassionate efforts to alleviate the suffering of the less fortunate. The Missionaries of Charity established numerous centers, including homes for the dying and orphanages, providing care and support to the most vulnerable members of society.

Mother Teresa's dedication to humanitarian work inspired people worldwide and set an example of selfless service. Her Nobel Peace Prize recognized her tireless commitment to promoting peace, love, and compassion, transcending boundaries of religion, nationality, and social status.

Amartya Sen was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Born in 1933 in Bengal, India, Sen is renowned for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory.

In 1998, Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on poverty alleviation and development economics. He developed theories and frameworks that explored the complex interactions between poverty, inequality, and social welfare. Sen emphasized the importance of focusing on individuals' capabilities and freedoms to achieve meaningful development, rather than solely relying on economic indicators.

Sen's research has had a profound impact on policies addressing poverty, inequality, and human development. His insights have influenced global development agendas and shaped thinking in economics and related disciplines.

Mother Teresa was the first Indian woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize. Born in 1910 in Skopje (now North Macedonia), Mother Teresa dedicated her life to serving the poor and destitute.

In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work and efforts in alleviating human suffering. The Missionaries of Charity, founded by Mother Teresa in Kolkata, India, has provided care and support to the most vulnerable members of society, including the sick, the dying, and orphaned children.

Mother Teresa's selfless dedication and compassion inspired people around the world. Her Nobel Prize recognized her immense contributions and the impact of her work in promoting peace and love across boundaries of religion, nationality, and social status.

The Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2020 was awarded jointly to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez. They were recognized for their significant contributions in discovering the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy, known as Sagittarius A*. Their groundbreaking research using advanced techniques, such as adaptive optics and long-term observations, provided strong evidence for the existence of these mysterious cosmic objects. Their work revolutionized our understanding of the fundamental forces governing the universe.

Reinhard Genzel, a German astrophysicist, led a team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Andrea Ghez, an American astronomer, conducted her pioneering studies at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Both scientists independently developed innovative methods to study the movements of stars near the galactic center, revealing the presence of an extremely massive and invisible object exerting gravitational influence on surrounding stars.

Their groundbreaking findings have not only shed light on the nature of black holes but also provided further support for Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. The Nobel Prize recognized their exceptional achievements and their contributions to advancing our knowledge of the universe's mysteries.

Answer: A) C. V. Raman

Explanation: C. V. Raman was the first Indian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Born in 1888 in Tiruchirappalli, India, Raman made significant contributions to the field of light scattering. In 1930, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the "Raman effect." He demonstrated that when light interacts with matter, a small fraction of the light undergoes a change in wavelength due to the scattering of photons. This groundbreaking discovery provided insight into the behavior of light and its interaction with molecules, leading to advancements in the study of molecular structure and spectroscopy. Raman's work laid the foundation for Raman spectroscopy, a technique that enables the identification and characterization of substances based on their molecular fingerprint. His Nobel Prize recognized his pioneering research and its impact on the field of physics and related disciplines.

Abhijit Banerjee was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Economics. Born in 1961 in Mumbai, India, Banerjee is known for his groundbreaking work in development economics. In 2019, Banerjee, along with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. Their research focused on using randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of policies and interventions aimed at reducing poverty and improving living standards. Banerjee's work has had a significant impact on development economics and has influenced policies and programs targeting poverty reduction around the world. His innovative research methods and rigorous analysis have provided valuable insights into the complexities of poverty and the design of effective interventions.