Indus valley civilization

By 2600 BCE, small Early Harappan communities had developed into large urban centers. These cities include Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. In total, more than 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus River and its tributaries.

Mohenjo-daro is thought to have been built in the twenty-sixth century BCE; it became not only the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization but one of the world’s earliest major urban centers. Located west of the Indus River in the Larkana District, Mohenjo-daro was one of the most sophisticated cities of the period, with advanced engineering and urban planning.

Harappa was a fortified city in modern-day Pakistan that is believed to have been home to as many as 23,500 residents living in sculpted houses with flat roofs made of red sand and clay. The city spread over 150 hectares- 370 acres- and had fortified administrative and religious centers of the same type used in Mohenjo-daro.

Main business of Indus valley civilization was Agriculture.

The main crop of Indus Valley civilization is Wheat.

East point of Indus civilization is Alamgir Pur.

West point of Indus civilization is Baluchistan.

North point of Indus civilization is Manda.

South point of Indus civilization is Daimabad.

The ruins of Harappa were described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab, where locals talked of an ancient city extending "thirteen cosses" (about 25 miles or 41 km).

John Marshal uses the first Indus civilization terms.

Daya Ram Sahani and Rakhal Das Banerjee discovers the Indus Civilization.

Indus valley civilization belongs to Bronze Age.

Swastik Symbol first use in Indus valley civilization

Harappa is an archaeological site in Montgomery district of Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 8 km (5.0 mi) in the north. The current village of Harappa is 6 km (3.7 mi) from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy railway station from the period of the British Raj, it is today just a small crossroads town of population 15,000.

R.B. Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa on the banks of Ravi river in 1921.

Main port of Indus Valley Civilization is Lothal.

The weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilization, on the other hand, were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations. Distinctive seals were used, among other applications, perhaps for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was not yet employed. "Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated," as well as "fowl for fighting". Wheel-made pottery-some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs-has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration for each city, though not the whole civilization, has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a commercial oligarchy. Harappans had many trade routes along the Indus River that went as far as the Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Some of the most valuable things traded were carnelian and lapis lazuli.

Pots color of Harappa is Red and Pink.

Mohenjo-daro is located west of the Indus River in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan, in a central position between the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River. It is sited on a Pleistocene ridge in the middle of the flood plain of the Indus River Valley, around 28 kilometers (17 mi) from the town of Larkana. The ridge was prominent during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization, allowing the city to stand above the surrounding flood, but subsequent flooding has since buried most of the ridge in silt deposits. The Indus still flows east of the site, but the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed on the western side is now dry.

R.D. Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro in 1922.

Bronze dancing girl founded in Mohenjo-Daro.

The largest building of Indus Valley Civilization is found in Mohenjodaro.

Largest bathroom of Indus Civilization found in Mohrnjodaro.

Explanation: The Indus Valley Civilization is sometimes called the Harappan Civilization after the ancient city of Harappa, which was one of its major centers.

Harappa was one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization and is known for its impressive architecture and urban planning.

Output: Corn was not cultivated by the Indus Valley Civilization, but they did grow wheat, rice, and cotton, among other crops.

Harappa was one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization and is known for its impressive architecture and urban planning.

The writing system used by the Indus Valley Civilization has not yet been deciphered, so we do not know what language it represents or what information it conveys.

The Indus Valley Civilization was known for its advanced agricultural techniques, including the use of irrigation and the cultivation of a variety of crops.

Pigs were not domesticated by the Indus Valley Civilization, but they did keep cows, sheep, and other animals for food and labor.

. Steel was not yet available during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization, so they used materials such as mud bricks, stone, and timber for construction.

Dancing was a popular form of entertainment in the Indus Valley Civilization, as evidenced by various depictions of dancers in artwork from the period.

There are various theories about why the Indus Valley Civilization declined, including invasion by foreign armies, ecological changes such as drought and flooding, and economic collapse.

The Indus Valley Civilization used a variety of weapons, including spears, bows and arrows, and swords.

Many houses in the Indus Valley Civilization had indoor plumbing, including sophisticated drainage systems and toilets.

The religion of the Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have been polytheistic, with multiple deities worshiped by the people

The Indus Valley Civilization produced a variety of jewelry, including gold necklaces, silver bracelets, and beaded earrings.

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization because of the discovery of Harappa, one of the major cities of the civilization.

explanation

The Indus River provided the lifeline for the Indus Valley Civilization, with the cities and settlements located along its banks.

Mohenjo-Daro was the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization, with a population of over 40,000 people.

The language of the Indus Valley Civilization is unknown, as no written records have been deciphered yet.

Most people in the Indus Valley Civilization were engaged in agriculture, with wheat and barley being the main crops.

The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro was a large water tank that was used for public bathing, religious rituals, and social gatherings.

The cow was the most commonly depicted animal in the art of the Indus Valley Civilization, possibly indicating its importance in the culture.

Pottery was a common item in the Indus Valley Civilization, with most of it being made from clay.

Snakes and ladders is believed to have originated in ancient India, and it was a popular game played in the Indus Valley Civilization.

The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is thought to have been caused by a combination of factors, including invasion by the Aryans, climate change leading to droughts and floods, and trade disruption due to the drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra River.

The Indus Valley Civilization's urban planning included a grid-like street system, advanced drainage system, and public wells and water reservoirs, but multi-story buildings were not a common feature

The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its distinctive seals, which were carved from steatite and featured intricate designs and inscriptions.

The Indus script, which appears on seals and other artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization, has not yet been deciphered, making it one of the most mysterious aspects of the civilization.

Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, is located near the site of the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.

The Indus Valley Civilization developed in the region now comprising parts of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan in South Asia.

The Indus Valley Civilization was named after the Indus River, which flows through the region where the civilization developed.

explanation

Taxila was an important city in ancient India, but it was not part of the Indus Valley Civilization.

The Indus Valley Civilization is estimated to have developed between 2500 and 2000 BCE and declined around 1900 BCE

The ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization were discovered by British archaeologists in the 19th century.

the Indus Valley Civilization starts to farm around 3000 bce

Wheat was one of the crops grown by the Indus Valley Civilization, along with barley, peas, and sesame.

The Great Bath is a large, public bathing area located in Mohenjo-Daro, one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization used various materials for making pottery, including terracotta, stone, and clay, but bronze was not commonly used.

The Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have been governed by a theocracy, with religious leaders holding significant power.

The Indus Valley Civilization engaged in long-distance trade with other regions, including Mesopotamia, which is present-day Iraq. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Indus Valley Civilization traded with Mesopotamia for various goods such as metals, timber, and precious stones. This trade relationship also led to cultural exchange, as artifacts from Mesopotamia have been found in the Indus Valley and vice versa.

The Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have been ruled by a monarchy, with kings or queens holding significant power and it is not democracy.

The alignment of some of their structures with astronomical events such as the solstices and equinoxes demonstrates that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization were skilled in astronomy. They were also familiar with celestial bodies such as planets, which they depicted in their art and pottery. The Great Bath in Mohenjo-daro is thought to have been used for ritual bathing during solar eclipses.

The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its distinctive architecture, including well-planned cities with organized layouts, public buildings, and private residences.

The Indus Valley Civilization used copper for making tools and weapons, as well as bronze, which is a mixture of copper and tin.

The Indus Valley Civilization was located inland and did not engage in significant maritime trade, so shipbuilding was not a significant craft in the civilization. p

The Indus Valley Civilization had a system of social hierarchy based on caste, with Brahmins (priests) at the top and Shudras (laborers) at the bottom.

The Indus Valley Civilization was an agricultural society that relied on irrigation systems to support its large population.

The Indus Valley Civilization had a sophisticated system of water management, including well-planned cities with drainage systems, reservoirs, and canals for irrigation.

The Indus Valley Civilization had a standardized system of weights and measures, which suggests a highly organized and centralized society.

Zoroastrianism is a religion that developed in Persia (present-day Iran) after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization, and was not practiced by the people of the Indus Valley

The Lion was the not depicted animal in the art of the Indus Valley Civilization, the bull was the most frequently depicted animal in Indus Valley Civilization art. It could be seen on their seals and tablets. These were probably Zebu Bulls or humped cattle that the Harappans domesticated for agriculture.

According to most historians, the Aryans came from Central Asia, also known as Andronovo culture in about 1500 BCE. And they started indus valley civilization.