Venkatraman Ramakrishnan was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry after India's independence. Born in 1952 in Chidambaram, India, Ramakrishnan is known for his contributions to the field of ribosome structure determination. In 2009, Ramakrishnan, along with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome. The ribosome is a complex molecular machine that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis in cells. Ramakrishnan's research involved using X-ray crystallography to determine the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome. His work provided unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of protein synthesis and paved the way for the development of antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosomes.

Answer: A) C. V. Raman

Explanation: C. V. Raman was the first Indian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Born in 1888 in Tiruchirappalli, India, Raman made significant contributions to the field of light scattering. In 1930, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the "Raman effect." He demonstrated that when light interacts with matter, a small fraction of the light undergoes a change in wavelength due to the scattering of photons. This groundbreaking discovery provided insight into the behavior of light and its interaction with molecules, leading to advancements in the study of molecular structure and spectroscopy. Raman's work laid the foundation for Raman spectroscopy, a technique that enables the identification and characterization of substances based on their molecular fingerprint. His Nobel Prize recognized his pioneering research and its impact on the field of physics and related disciplines.

C. V. Raman was the first Indian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Born in 1888 in Tiruchirappalli, India, Raman made significant contributions to the field of light scattering. In 1930, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the "Raman effect." He demonstrated that when light interacts with matter, a small fraction of the light undergoes a change in wavelength due to the scattering of photons. This groundbreaking discovery provided insight into the behavior of light and its interaction with molecules, leading to advancements in the study of molecular structure and spectroscopy. Raman's work laid the foundation for Raman spectroscopy, a technique that enables the identification and characterization of substances based on their molecular fingerprint. His Nobel Prize recognized his pioneering research and its impact on the field of physics and related disciplines.

Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in 1861 in Kolkata, India, Tagore was a prolific writer, poet, and philosopher. In 1913, Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his collection of poems titled "Gitanjali" (Song Offerings). His poetic works, characterized by their lyrical beauty and spiritual depth, explore themes of love, nature, and the human condition. Tagore's writings have had a profound impact on literature and continue to inspire readers worldwide. His Nobel Prize recognized his significant contributions to the world of poetry and literature, cementing his legacy as one of India's most celebrated literary figures.

The Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2020 was awarded jointly to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez. They were recognized for their significant contributions in discovering the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy, known as Sagittarius A*. Their groundbreaking research using advanced techniques, such as adaptive optics and long-term observations, provided strong evidence for the existence of these mysterious cosmic objects. Their work revolutionized our understanding of the fundamental forces governing the universe.

Reinhard Genzel, a German astrophysicist, led a team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Andrea Ghez, an American astronomer, conducted her pioneering studies at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Both scientists independently developed innovative methods to study the movements of stars near the galactic center, revealing the presence of an extremely massive and invisible object exerting gravitational influence on surrounding stars.

Their groundbreaking findings have not only shed light on the nature of black holes but also provided further support for Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. The Nobel Prize recognized their exceptional achievements and their contributions to advancing our knowledge of the universe's mysteries.

Amartya Sen was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Born in 1933 in Bengal, India, Sen is renowned for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory.

In 1998, Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on poverty alleviation and development economics. He developed theories and frameworks that explored the complex interactions between poverty, inequality, and social welfare. Sen emphasized the importance of focusing on individuals' capabilities and freedoms to achieve meaningful development, rather than solely relying on economic indicators.

Sen's research has had a profound impact on policies addressing poverty, inequality, and human development. His insights have influenced global development agendas and shaped thinking in economics and related disciplines.

C. V. Raman was the first Indian scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. Born in 1888 in Tiruchirappalli, India, Raman made significant contributions to the field of light scattering.

In 1930, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the "Raman effect." He demonstrated that when light interacts with matter, a small fraction of the light undergoes a change in wavelength due to the scattering of photons. This groundbreaking discovery provided insight into the behavior of light and its interaction with molecules, leading to advancements in the study of molecular structure and spectroscopy.

Raman's work laid the foundation for Raman spectroscopy, a technique that enables the identification and characterization of substances based on their molecular fingerprint. His Nobel Prize recognized his pioneering research and its impact on the field of physics and related disciplines.

Amartya Sen was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Born in 1933 in Bengal, India, Sen is renowned for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory.

In 1998, Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on poverty alleviation and development economics. He developed theories and frameworks that explored the complex interactions between poverty, inequality, and social welfare. Sen emphasized the importance of focusing on individuals' capabilities and freedoms to achieve meaningful development, rather than solely relying on economic indicators.

Sen's research has had a profound impact on policies addressing poverty, inequality, and human development. His insights have influenced global development agendas and shaped thinking in economics and related disciplines.

Ronald Ross was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Born in 1857 in Almora, India (then British India), Ross made significant contributions to the understanding of malaria.

In 1902, Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery that mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites to humans. His breakthrough came after years of dedicated research and experimentation in India, where he worked as a medical officer. Ross's findings had a profound impact on the understanding and control of malaria, a disease that affects millions of people worldwide.

Ross's discovery paved the way for advancements in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of malaria. His work contributed to the development of effective measures, including insecticide spraying and bed nets, aimed at reducing the spread of the disease.

V. S. Naipaul was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature after India's independence. Born in Trinidad and Tobago in 1932 to Indian parents, Naipaul is renowned for his novels and essays that explore themes of identity, colonialism, and postcolonialism.

In 2001, Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his compelling narratives that shed light on the complex dynamics of the postcolonial world. His works often delve into the cultural and social challenges faced by individuals and communities navigating the aftermath of colonial rule.

Naipaul's writing style, characterized by its insightful observations and elegant prose, has made a significant impact on modern literature. His Nobel Prize recognized his contributions to the literary landscape, bringing attention to the rich diversity of voices from the Indian diaspora.