Answer: c. Liberation Explanation: The ultimate goal of Jainism is liberation, or moksha, from the cycle of birth and death.

The three main principles of Jainism are ahimsa ('non-violence'), anekantavada ('non-absolutism'), and aparigraha ('non-attachment'); it is also characterized by asceticism.

Answer: b) 2. Explanation: Jainism divides the worldly cycle of time into two half-cycles, utsarpiṇī (ascending, progressive prosperity and happiness) and avasarpiṇī (descending, increasing sorrow and immorality). According to Jain cosmology, the universe is currently in the fifth ara of avasarpiṇī, which is full of sorrow and religious decline. After the sixth ara, the universe will be reawakened in a new cycle.

Answer: a) Ahiṃsā, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, and Aparigraha are the five main vows taken by Jain monks.

Answer: d) All of the above. In Jainism, karma is a spiritual force that creates bondages for the soul, the universal cause and effect law, and a material substance that can bind to the soul. Explanation: According to Jainism, karma is a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas. Karma is believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul, as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth. The vibration of the soul draws karmic particles to it, which creates bondages and adds merit or demerit to the soul.

Answer: b. No, they can never attain moksha. Jainism clarifies that abhavya souls can never attain moksha.

Answer: C) 9 Explanation: Śvētāmbaras add two further Tattvas, namely good karma (Punya) and bad karma (Paapa), making the total number of Tattvas nine.

Answer: c) Parasparopagraho jīvānām, which means "the function of souls is to help one another,"

Answer: b. Violence should be avoided whenever possible. Explanation: The Jain belief is that violence should be avoided whenever possible, and that non-violence is the highest religious duty.