Jainism

The three main principles of Jainism are ahimsa ('non-violence'), anekantavada ('non-absolutism'), and aparigraha ('non-attachment'); it is also characterized by asceticism.

Rishabhanatha (also Rsabhadeva, Rishabhadeva, or Rsabha which literally means "bull") is the first Tirthankara (ford maker) in Jainism. A mythical leader, he is believed in Jainism to have lived millions of years ago. He was the first of twenty-four teachers in the present half cycle of time in Jain cosmology and called a ford maker because his teachings helped one across the sea of interminable rebirths and deaths (samsara). He is also known as Adinatha of Jainism which translates into "First (Adi) Lord (Natha)", as well as Adishvara (first Ishvara), Yugadideva (deva of yuga), Prathamaraja (first king), and Nebheya (son of Nabhi). Along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Neminatha, Rishabhanatha is one of the four Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

Mahavira (Mahavira), also known as Vardhamana, was the twenty-fourth Tirthankara (ford-maker) of Jainism. In the Jain tradition, it is believed that Mahavira was born in the early part of the 6th century BC into a royal family in what is now Bihar, India. At the age of thirty, abandoning all worldly possessions, he left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening and became an ascetic. For the next twelve and a half years, Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities, after which he is believed to have attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). He preached for thirty years, and is believed by Jains to have died in the 6th century BC. Scholars such as Karl Potter consider his biographical details as uncertain, with some suggesting he lived in the 5th century BC contemporaneously with the Buddha. Mahavira died at the age of 72, and his remains were cremated.

Followers of Jainism pray of Tirthankara.

But, They belive that God is creator.

Rishabhadeva mentioned in Veda and Gita.

Biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras called Kalpa Sutra.

The Author of Kalpa Sutra is Bhadrabahu.

Birthplace of Mahavira is Vaishali District of Bihar, India.

Death place of Mahavira is Pawapuri.

Father of Mahavira is Siddhartha.

Mother of Mahavira is Trishala .

Wife of Mahavira is Yashoda

The first follower of Mahavira is Jamali. He was the son in law of Mahavira.

At the time of Mahavira Bimbisara was the king of Magadha.

According to Jainism, purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels:

1. Samyak Darsana ("Correct View") - Faith in basic tenets of Jainism, acceptance of the self-evident truth of soul.

2. Samyak Jnana ("Correct Knowledge") - Knowledge of the tattvas without any doubt or misapprehension.

3. Samyak Charitra ("Correct Conduct") - behavior consistent with the Five vows

Jain texts often add samyak tap (Correct Asceticism) as the fourth jewel, thereby emphasizing their belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha). The four jewels of orthodox Jain ideology are called moksha marg. According to Jain texts, the liberated pure soul (Siddha) goes up to the summit of universe (Siddhashila) and dwells there in eternal bliss.

Jain scriptures are called Agamas. They are believed to have been verbally transmitted from one generation to next, much like the ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts, by the oral tradition. The Jain tradition believes that their religion is eternal, and the teachings of their first Tirthankara Rishabhanatha were their scriptures millions of years ago. The mythology states that the Tirthankara taught in a divine preaching hall called samavasarana, which were heard by the gods, the ascetics, and the layperson. The discourse delivered is called shrut Jnana and comprises eleven angas and fourteen purvas. The discourse is remembered and transmitted by the Ganadharas (chief disciples) and is composed of twelve angas ("departments"). It is symbolically represented by a tree with twelve branches.

The first conference of Jainism was held in Patliputra at the time of Chandragupta Maurya. He was the founder of Mauryan Empire and grandfather of Ashoka became a monk and disciple of Jain ascetic Bhadrabahu during later part of his life.

The first conference of Jainism starts on 322 B.C. and Ends on 298 B.C. It takes total 24 years.

2nd conference of Jainism held in Ballavi, Gujrat.

Birth year of Mahavira is 540 B.C.

Meditation years of Mahavira is 12 years.

In 512 A.D, 2nd conference of Jainism started.

Gautama Buddha was famously seated under a Peepal tree.

Asvaghosa wrote Buddhacarita.

Output: Samsara is the Jain term for the cycle of birth and death, which is considered to be a result of karma.

Output: The Swastika is an important symbol in Jainism, representing the fourfold path to liberation, which consists of right faith, right knowledge, right conduct, and right penance. It is not to be confused with the Nazi symbol, which is a distorted version of the Swastika and represents something entirely different.

Output: Jainism is one of the world's oldest religions, dating back at least 2,500 years to India. Jainism's spiritual goal is to be liberated from the endless cycle of rebirth and achieve an all-knowing state known as moksha.

Answer: B) 7 Explanation: According to Digambara Jains, there are seven Tattvas, including the sentient (jiva or living), the insentient (ajiva or non-living), the karmic influx to the soul (Āsrava), the bondage of karmic particles to the soul (Bandha), the stoppage of karmic particles (Saṃvara), the wiping away of past karmic particles (Nirjarā), and the liberation (Moksha).

Answer: b) 24. Jainism recognizes 24 tirthankaras, with the first being Rishabhadeva and the last being Mahavira.

Answer: b) 9th century BCE. Historians date the 23rd tirthankara, Parshvanatha, to the 9th century BCE.

Ahiṃsā (non-violence), Anekāntavāda (non-absolutism), and Aparigraha (asceticism) are the three main pillars of Jainism.

Answer: a) Ahiṃsā, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, and Aparigraha are the five main vows taken by Jain monks.

Answer: a) Ahiṃsā (non-violence) has led to a predominantly lacto-vegetarian lifestyle in Jainism.

Answer: c) Parasparopagraho jīvānām, which means "the function of souls is to help one another,"

Answer: B) Non-living substances Explanation: Dravya means substances or entity in Sanskrit. The universe is made up of six eternal substances, which includes non-living substances or matter.

Answer: B) Living beings, matter, motion, rest, space, and time Explanation: According to Jainism, the six eternal substances are living beings or souls, non-living substances or matter, the principle of motion, the principle of rest, space, and time.

Answer: D) Framework for salvation Explanation: Tattva connotes reality or truth in Jain philosophy and is the framework for salvation.

Answer: C) 9 Explanation: Śvētāmbaras add two further Tattvas, namely good karma (Punya) and bad karma (Paapa), making the total number of Tattvas nine.

Answer: A) Perception, inference, and testimony Explanation: Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge (Pramana), which are perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), and testimony (sabda or the word of scriptures).

Answer: b. Consciousness, bliss, and vibrational energy. Jainism maintains that every soul possesses these three qualities.

Answer: C) Analogy Explanation: Some Jain texts add analogy (upamana) as the fourth reliable means, in a manner similar to epistemological theories found in other Indian religions.

Answer: B Explanation: The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach moksha for ascetics, but for most Jain laypersons, it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation.

Answer: C Explanation: Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge (pramana): perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), and testimony (sabda or the word of scriptures).

Answer: D Explanation: In Jainism, jnāna (knowledge) is said to be of five kinds – mati jñāna (sensory knowledge), śrutu jñāna (scriptural knowledge), avadhi jñāna (clairvoyance), manah prayāya Jñāna (telepathy), and kevala jnana (omniscience).

? Answer: A Explanation: The true insight in Jain philosophy is considered as "faith in the tattvas".

Answer: B Explanation: Tattva connotes reality or truth in Jain philosophy and is the framework for salvation.

Answer: A Explanation: According to Digambara Jains, there are seven tattvas: the sentient (jiva or living), the insentient (ajiva or non-living), the karmic influx to the soul (Āsrava, which is a mix of living and non-living), the bondage of karmic particles to the soul (Bandha), the stoppage of karmic particles (Saṃvara), the wiping away of past karmic particles (Nirjarā), and the liberation (Moksha).

Answer: A Explanation: Śvētāmbaras add two further tattvas, namely good karma (Punya) and bad karma (Paapa).

Answer: a) Perception, inference, and testimony Explanation: According to Jain philosophy, correct knowledge is based on perception, inference, and testimony. These are the three reliable means of knowledge accepted in Jainism.

Answer: d) 5 Explanation: According to Jainism, jnana (knowledge) is said to be of five kinds: mati jnana (sensory knowledge), shrutu jnana (scriptural knowledge), avadhi jnana (clairvoyance), manah prayaya jnana (telepathy), and kevala jnana (omniscience).

Answer: e) Principle of consciousness (chetana) Explanation: According to Jainism, the universe is made up of six eternal substances: sentient beings or souls (jiva), non-sentient substance or matter (pudgala), the principle of motion (dharma), the principle of rest (adharma), space (akasha), and time (kala).

Answer: d) The liberation (moksha) Explanation: According to Digambara Jains, there are seven tattvas: the sentient (jiva or living), the insentient (ajiva or non-living), the karmic influx to the soul (asrava), the bondage of karmic particles to the soul (bandha), the stoppage of karmic particles (samvara), the wiping away of past karmic particles (nirjara), and the attainment of good karma (punya) or bad karma (paapa).

Answer: b. Karma. In Jainism, karma is envisioned as a material substance that can bind to the soul, travel with the soul in bound form between rebirths, and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas.

Answer: b. 8,400,000. Jain theosophy asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations as they circle through Saṃsāra.

Answer: a. Earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies, and plant lives. In Jainism, souls can pass through these five types of bodies constantly changing with all human and non-human activities from rainfall to breathing.

Answer: b. Negative karmic effects. Harming any life form is a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects.

Answer: b. No, they can never attain moksha. Jainism clarifies that abhavya souls can never attain moksha.

Answer: a. Yes, they are considered either good or evil. Souls can be good or evil in Jainism, unlike the nondualism of some forms of Hinduism and Buddhism.

Answer: b) Consciousness, bliss, and vibrational energy Explanation: Jainism believes that every soul has three qualities - consciousness (chaitanya), bliss (sukha), and vibrational energy (virya).

Answer: a) A universal cause and effect law Explanation: Karma, as in other Indian religions, connotes in Jainism the universal cause and effect law.

Answer: a) As a physical substance that can bind to the soul Explanation: Karma is envisioned as a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul, travel with the soul in bound form between rebirths, and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas.

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Answer: c) 8,400,000 Explanation: Jain theosophy asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations as they circle through Saṃsāra.

Answer: b) Earth, water, fire, air, and vegetable lives Explanation: Jainism states that souls go through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies, and vegetable lives, constantly changing with all human and non-human activities from rainfall to breathing.

Answer: b) A person who has reached the highest level of spiritual attainment Explanation: According to Jainism, a Siddha (liberated soul) has gone beyond Saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, and remains there eternally.

Answer: b) 5. In Jainism, souls go through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies, and vegetable lives. Explanation: According to the Saṃsāra doctrine of Jainism, souls are bound to the cycle of rebirths and go through different types of bodies as they circle through Saṃsāra. These bodies include earth bodies (minerals and rocks), water bodies (aquatic life), fire bodies (insects and birds), air bodies (animals), and vegetable lives (plants). The cycle of rebirths is believed to have a definite beginning and end in Jainism.

Answer: d) All of the above. In Jainism, karma is a spiritual force that creates bondages for the soul, the universal cause and effect law, and a material substance that can bind to the soul. Explanation: According to Jainism, karma is a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas. Karma is believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul, as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth. The vibration of the soul draws karmic particles to it, which creates bondages and adds merit or demerit to the soul.

Answer: Wulf-monath. The Saxon term for January means "wolf month".

Answer: a) A liberated soul. Explanation: According to Jainism, a Siddha is a liberated soul that has gone beyond Saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, and remains there eternally. Siddhas are believed to have attained liberation from the cycle of birth and death and have achieved the highest spiritual state.

Answer: b) 2. Explanation: Jainism divides the worldly cycle of time into two half-cycles, utsarpiṇī (ascending, progressive prosperity and happiness) and avasarpiṇī (descending, increasing sorrow and immorality). According to Jain cosmology, the universe is currently in the fifth ara of avasarpiṇī, which is full of sorrow and religious decline. After the sixth ara, the universe will be reawakened in a new cycle.

Answer: b. Ahimsa Explanation: The principle of ahimsa, or non-violence, is a fundamental tenet of Jainism. It holds that one must abandon all violent activity and that without such a commitment to non-violence, all religious behavior is worthless.

Answer: d. Correct Worship Explanation: The three jewels of Jainism are Correct View, Correct Knowledge, and Correct Conduct. Some Jain texts add Correct Asceticism as a fourth jewel.

Answer: b. The path of three jewels Explanation: The path to liberation in Jainism is the path of three jewels: Correct View, Correct Knowledge, and Correct Conduct.

Answer: c. Liberation Explanation: The ultimate goal of Jainism is liberation, or moksha, from the cycle of birth and death.

Answer: b. Arihants Explanation: The perfect enlightened souls with a body in Jainism are called Arihants, or victors.

Answer: b. Correct Faith Explanation: The correct jewel of Jainism is Correct View, Correct Knowledge, and Correct Conduct. Some texts add Correct Asceticism as a fourth jewel.

Answer: b. Violence should be avoided whenever possible. Explanation: The Jain belief is that violence should be avoided whenever possible, and that non-violence is the highest religious duty.